You can still use cash. It’s just for electronic payments and ID verification. Though cash is exceedingly rare.

A unified ID system just means you use the same login details for each government agency (tax office, dmv, healthcare, etc…) Instead of a different system for each. It’s also a stand in for a physical signature. It also ensures your data is consistent through the entire government as it’s the same database.

I think it’s significantly more secure for the individual than in the US and, as far as tracking, it’s not like the US’ insecure identity verification systems make it more difficult to track you. The US makes it easier for others to steal you’re identity, and for you to get screwed because an employee misread your name on a net form they have to manually copy into their cobal database or whatever.

It’s not really. Much better then US’ lack of any one consistent system (or even lack of electronic option) and random OTP generators. But makes switching phone OS feel like a pretty big risk.

You can use a keychain OTP generator (in Norway). I have no clue how it generates verifiable codes. The phone app is more convenient, and to the point at hand, actually connected to the internet/NFC. In any case it’s factor 1 in a 2FA (And then some), so the same way any 2FA would work.